行政合同与民事合同的区分标准——以国有建设用地使用权出让合同为例

英美法系没有专门的行政合同的概念,大陆法系分为法国和德国两个理论流派.我国应综合考虑合同的目的和内容来构建我国的行政合同和民事合同的划分标准.国有建设用地使用权土地出让合同的性质,从合同的目的、合同主体、合同内容来看属于"行政合同"范畴,区分过程对于确立区分标准具有实际意义.     

The ‘credibility thesis’ and its application to property rights: (In)Secure land tenure,conflict and social welfare in China

Debates over tenure insecurity have been divided between those favoring private, marketable, and formalized property rights versus champions of grassroots’ customary and communal arrangements. By positing the “credibility thesis”, this article argues that it might be more insightful to move beyond concepts of formal and informal, private and common, or secure and insecure institutions, to leave the discussion about institutional form for a discussion about function. The notion of credibility does so by drawing attention to institutional function over time and space rather than to a desired form postulated by theory or political conviction. Apart from furthering the theoretical foundations on credibility and institutional functionalism, this article aims to develop its methodology and empirical study by taking China as a case study, with particular reference to its rural land-lease system, which is perceived to be highly insecure due to forced evictions and government intervention. Paradoxically, the study finds significant social support for the rural land-lease system and a low level of conflict. These findings might indicate that the form of the Chinese rural lease system (insecure tenure) is the outcome of its present function (provision of social welfare). Simultaneously, it was also found that when conflict does occur expropriation is a prime cause for it.     

Water resources and land use planning systems in Portugal—Exploring better synergies through Ria de Aveiro

The paper discusses the relevance of a stronger articulation between land use and water resources systems to enhance the success of the Water Framework Directive. Using article 11 of the WFD, this paper assess (i) how the Spatial Planning and Urban Development Law as well as the Portuguese Water Law converge to promote better integration of water resources into spatial planning, (ii) how their prospects are developed at the regional basis, namely through the Regional Spatial Development Plan and River Basin Management Plan, and (iii) how these are prepared to inform other planning instruments at the local level. It shows through a spatial analysis of the regional land-use plan and the river basin plan as applied over the Ria de Aveiro estuary area, the conflicts and opportunities for stronger synergies. The paper concludes with a critical analysis of the integration of the spatial planning and water resources planning systems in Portugal, and reveals new insights and challenges for more productive synergies between these systems.     

Forecasting housing land requirements

Summary

Because of pressures on the countryside by private housing development, the Government and the planners have become increasingly involved in planning policy issues and in forecasting land requirements. The forecasting techniques used are examined, and their translation into local allocations through structure and local plans and land availability studies are looked at. The demand for more land releases is attributed more to structural changes in the housebuilding industry and local land shortages in the south‐east than to real shortfalls in housing provision. There is a need for improved monitoring systems for land resource management, particularly in balancing ‘green‐field’ releases against development/redevelopment in existing urban areas.     

Characteristics of developers and their relations to open space conservation

Developers are entrepreneurs that initiate and carry out land development projects. They play an active dominant and leading role in land use planning decisions, and are, therefore, expected to have a significant impact on patterns of development and open space conservation. The present study identified correlations between characteristics of developers and indicators of open space conservation, based on a random sample of 88 statutory land use plans in the Tel Aviv metropolitan region over the period 1990–1999. The variables used to describe characteristics of developers were of two kinds: direct variables including developer type and land ownership, and indirect proxy variables that represented typical entrepreneurial behaviors (profit seeking, risk taking and innovativeness) including: net residential density, open space per residential unit, spatial location of the plan area and the time lapse until plan approval. Indicators of conservation were: size of plan area, existing agricultural land within the plan, proposed open space and effective open space. We found that developer type and land ownership were connected mainly to plan size and existing agricultural land rate, both indicators of regional conservation potential, while variables representing profit seeking, risk taking and innovativeness were significantly connected to proposed and effective open space rates, which express the conservation level within plans.     

城市土地整理的长效运作制度创新

市地整理是对城市原有的土地利用方式的一种改变与提高,从而有助于提升市地的经济自然环境以及景观美感的多目标体系的综合效益.以科学发展观为指导,建立健全科学的市地整理长效运作制度,有利于处理好城市发展与城市用地总量与结构平衡,实现城市土地整理区城内的社会经济协调发展.     

How local leaders matter: Inter-provincial leadership transfers and land transactions in China

We study how local leaders matter for economic growth by examining the impacts of exogenous transfers of leaders across China’s provinces on land transactions in the primary market. We find that new provincial leaders attract investment in industrial land from the provinces of their previous positions. The leaders’ impacts are greater when their freedom to deploy their business connections in the land market is greater. More importantly, we find evidence of positive impacts of land transactions on economic growth, which should bode well for the careers of the local leaders, albeit there is some evidence of rent seeking among officials especially when they are too old for further promotion.     

生态资源环境公共产权的经济学分析

在产权制度的界定和规范引导下,生态资源经济才能实现环境友好型、可持续为主题的科学发展。历史上“公有地的悲剧”的启示不单是对产权问题的反思,而是通过设立一套巧妙的制度,以达到“量体裁衣”之功效。生态资源环境公共产权的产生是源于其稀缺性及非排他性的特质。但随着计量这种产权成本与收益的难度不断加深,环境资源体系的经济价值就越来越大。必须考虑在有效利用的前提下,重新界定产权来保证市场与主体效率目标的实现。作为现代产权制度体系的最重要的组成部分——资源类产权,它有别于企业产权制度,且它涉及利益主体的范围之广。涵盖的意义也极其深远。本文对生态资源环境这一较为特殊公共物品的产权问题用产权经济学的思维框架进行研究,从政府、企业、市场、制度四个层级,相应提出构建此类公共产权的四层规制模式,以求破解在生态环境规制过程中出现的产权失灵现象及界定不清的困局。     

农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响研究

本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查问卷中的农户数据分析了农地流转对土地使用权分配的影响。通过计算农地流转前后的土地分配基尼系数,测度了农地流转影响土地使用权分配的结果,研究显示:农地流转促进了土地使用权的集中,但集中的速度并不快,各区域之间存在差异。在市场化农地流转中,土地较少而又贫穷的农民缺乏能力和优势转入土地,导致土地使用权集中。农地流转难以解决公平问题,农民获取土地仍然主要依靠村组集体的初次分配和二次调整。在符合农民认同、规则明确稳定的条件下,村组内部的土地调整能做到公平与效率相容。因此,村庄集体需要积极培育民主、发展农民自治组织;基层政府需要抑制自己调整土地的冲动,同时在一定程度上认同、支持和监督村组内部的土地调整。     

寿险公司盈余管理研究——基于业务特性驱动视角

寿险公司业务经营具有跨期均衡性、资金融通性、偿付能力充足性三大特性。受业务特性驱动,寿险公司盈余管理策略具有独特性,这些策略主要包括再保险交易、保险准备金提取、金融资产分类和计量。合理适度的盈余管理有利于维护寿险公司和保险市场的稳定发展。